chore: migrate Docker builds to docker buildx bake

Replace 5 sequential build-push-action steps with a single docker/bake-action
call backed by docker-bake.hcl. BuildKit now builds all images in parallel:
backend/runner/pocketbase share one Go builder stage (compiled once), while
caddy and ui build concurrently alongside the Go targets.

Workflow YAML goes from ~130 lines of build steps to ~35. Adding a new image
now only requires a new target block in docker-bake.hcl.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

.gitea/workflows/ci.yaml

@@ -41,6 +41,9 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build healthcheck
         run: go build -o /dev/null ./cmd/healthcheck
 
+      - name: Build pocketbase
+        run: go build -o /dev/null ./cmd/pocketbase
+
       - name: Run tests
         run: go test -short -race -count=1 -timeout=60s ./...
 

.gitea/workflows/release.yaml

@@ -147,10 +147,14 @@ jobs:
   #         SENTRY_ORG: libnovel
   #         SENTRY_PROJECT: ui
 
-  # ── docker: all images in one job (single login) ──────────────────────────────
-  # backend, runner, ui, and caddy are built sequentially in one job so Docker
-  # Hub only needs to be authenticated once. This also eliminates 3 redundant
-  # checkout + setup-buildx + scheduler round-trips compared to separate jobs.
+  # ── docker: build + push all images via docker bake ──────────────────────────
+  # docker-bake.hcl defines all five targets. BuildKit builds them with maximum
+  # parallelism: backend/runner/pocketbase share the Go builder stage (compiled
+  # once), while caddy and ui build concurrently alongside the Go targets.
+  #
+  # Metadata (tags + labels) is generated per-image by docker/metadata-action
+  # (bake-target mode), then merged into a single bake call via the bake-action
+  # targets input — one Docker Hub login, one buildx invocation.
   docker:
     name: Docker
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -160,65 +164,13 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
 
-      # Single login — credential is written to ~/.docker/config.json and
-      # reused by all subsequent build-push-action steps in this job.
       - name: Log in to Docker Hub
         uses: docker/login-action@v3
         with:
           username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USER }}
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_TOKEN }}
 
-      # ── backend ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-      - name: Docker meta / backend
-        id: meta-backend
-        uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
-        with:
-          images: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USER }}/libnovel-backend
-          tags: |
-            type=semver,pattern={{version}}
-            type=semver,pattern={{major}}.{{minor}}
-            type=raw,value=latest
-
-      - name: Build and push / backend
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
-        with:
-          context: backend
-          target: backend
-          push: true
-          tags: ${{ steps.meta-backend.outputs.tags }}
-          labels: ${{ steps.meta-backend.outputs.labels }}
-          build-args: |
-            VERSION=${{ steps.meta-backend.outputs.version }}
-            COMMIT=${{ gitea.sha }}
-          cache-from: type=registry,ref=${{ secrets.DOCKER_USER }}/libnovel-backend:latest
-          cache-to: type=inline
-
-      # ── runner ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-      - name: Docker meta / runner
-        id: meta-runner
-        uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
-        with:
-          images: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USER }}/libnovel-runner
-          tags: |
-            type=semver,pattern={{version}}
-            type=semver,pattern={{major}}.{{minor}}
-            type=raw,value=latest
-
-      - name: Build and push / runner
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
-        with:
-          context: backend
-          target: runner
-          push: true
-          tags: ${{ steps.meta-runner.outputs.tags }}
-          labels: ${{ steps.meta-runner.outputs.labels }}
-          build-args: |
-            VERSION=${{ steps.meta-runner.outputs.version }}
-            COMMIT=${{ gitea.sha }}
-          cache-from: type=registry,ref=${{ secrets.DOCKER_USER }}/libnovel-runner:latest
-          cache-to: type=inline
-
-      # ── ui ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+      # ── Prepare ui build artifact ─────────────────────────────────────────────
       - name: Download ui build artifacts
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
         with:
@@ -230,51 +182,121 @@ jobs:
           grep -v '^build$' ui/.dockerignore > ui/.dockerignore.tmp
           mv ui/.dockerignore.tmp ui/.dockerignore
 
+      # ── Generate per-image tags + labels (bake-target mode) ───────────────────
+      - name: Docker meta / backend
+        id: meta-backend
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
+        with:
+          images: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USER }}/libnovel-backend
+          bake-target: backend
+          tags: |
+            type=semver,pattern={{version}}
+            type=semver,pattern={{major}}.{{minor}}
+            type=raw,value=latest
+
+      - name: Docker meta / runner
+        id: meta-runner
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
+        with:
+          images: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USER }}/libnovel-runner
+          bake-target: runner
+          tags: |
+            type=semver,pattern={{version}}
+            type=semver,pattern={{major}}.{{minor}}
+            type=raw,value=latest
+
+      - name: Docker meta / pocketbase
+        id: meta-pocketbase
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
+        with:
+          images: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USER }}/libnovel-pocketbase
+          bake-target: pocketbase
+          tags: |
+            type=semver,pattern={{version}}
+            type=semver,pattern={{major}}.{{minor}}
+            type=raw,value=latest
+
       - name: Docker meta / ui
         id: meta-ui
         uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
         with:
           images: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USER }}/libnovel-ui
+          bake-target: ui
           tags: |
             type=semver,pattern={{version}}
             type=semver,pattern={{major}}.{{minor}}
             type=raw,value=latest
 
-      - name: Build and push / ui
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
-        with:
-          context: ui
-          push: true
-          tags: ${{ steps.meta-ui.outputs.tags }}
-          labels: ${{ steps.meta-ui.outputs.labels }}
-          build-args: |
-            BUILD_VERSION=${{ steps.meta-ui.outputs.version }}
-            BUILD_COMMIT=${{ gitea.sha }}
-            BUILD_TIME=${{ gitea.event.head_commit.timestamp }}
-            PREBUILT=1
-          cache-from: type=registry,ref=${{ secrets.DOCKER_USER }}/libnovel-ui:latest
-          cache-to: type=inline
-
-      # ── caddy ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       - name: Docker meta / caddy
         id: meta-caddy
         uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
         with:
           images: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USER }}/libnovel-caddy
+          bake-target: caddy
           tags: |
             type=semver,pattern={{version}}
             type=semver,pattern={{major}}.{{minor}}
             type=raw,value=latest
 
-      - name: Build and push / caddy
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
+      # ── Build + push all images in parallel ───────────────────────────────────
+      - name: Build and push all images
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v6
         with:
-          context: caddy
-          push: true
-          tags: ${{ steps.meta-caddy.outputs.tags }}
-          labels: ${{ steps.meta-caddy.outputs.labels }}
-          cache-from: type=registry,ref=${{ secrets.DOCKER_USER }}/libnovel-caddy:latest
-          cache-to: type=inline
+          files: |
+            docker-bake.hcl
+            ${{ steps.meta-backend.outputs.bake-file }}
+            ${{ steps.meta-runner.outputs.bake-file }}
+            ${{ steps.meta-pocketbase.outputs.bake-file }}
+            ${{ steps.meta-ui.outputs.bake-file }}
+            ${{ steps.meta-caddy.outputs.bake-file }}
+          set: |
+            backend.args.VERSION=${{ steps.meta-backend.outputs.version }}
+            backend.args.COMMIT=${{ gitea.sha }}
+            runner.args.VERSION=${{ steps.meta-runner.outputs.version }}
+            runner.args.COMMIT=${{ gitea.sha }}
+            ui.args.BUILD_TIME=${{ gitea.event.head_commit.timestamp }}
+            *.output=type=image,push=true
+
+  # ── deploy: sync docker-compose.yml + restart prod ───────────────────────────
+  # Runs after all images are pushed to Docker Hub.
+  # Copies the compose file from the tagged commit to the server, pulls the new
+  # images, and restarts only the services whose image or config changed.
+  # --remove-orphans cleans up containers no longer defined in the compose file
+  # (e.g. the now-removed pb-init container).
+  #
+  # Required Gitea secrets:
+  #   PROD_HOST             — prod server IP or hostname
+  #   PROD_USER             — SSH login user (typically root)
+  #   PROD_SSH_KEY          — private key whose public half is in authorized_keys
+  #   PROD_SSH_KNOWN_HOSTS  — output of: ssh-keyscan -H <PROD_HOST>
+  deploy:
+    name: Deploy to prod
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: [docker]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Install SSH key
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p ~/.ssh
+          printf '%s\n' "${{ secrets.PROD_SSH_KEY }}" > ~/.ssh/deploy_key
+          chmod 600 ~/.ssh/deploy_key
+          printf '%s\n' "${{ secrets.PROD_SSH_KNOWN_HOSTS }}" >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts
+
+      - name: Copy docker-compose.yml to prod
+        run: |
+          scp -i ~/.ssh/deploy_key \
+            docker-compose.yml \
+            "${{ secrets.PROD_USER }}@${{ secrets.PROD_HOST }}:/opt/libnovel/docker-compose.yml"
+
+      - name: Pull new images and restart changed services
+        run: |
+          ssh -i ~/.ssh/deploy_key \
+            "${{ secrets.PROD_USER }}@${{ secrets.PROD_HOST }}" \
+            'set -euo pipefail
+             cd /opt/libnovel
+             doppler run -- docker compose pull
+             doppler run -- docker compose up -d --remove-orphans'
 
   # ── Gitea release ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
   release:

backend/Dockerfile

@@ -48,13 +48,11 @@ ENTRYPOINT ["/backend"]
 # On every `serve` startup it applies any pending migrations automatically.
 # Data is stored in /pb_data (mounted as a Docker volume in production).
 FROM alpine:3.21 AS pocketbase
-RUN apk add --no-cache ca-certificates && \
-    addgroup -S appgroup && adduser -S appuser -G appgroup
+RUN apk add --no-cache ca-certificates wget
 COPY --from=builder /out/pocketbase /pocketbase
-RUN mkdir -p /pb_data && chown appuser:appgroup /pb_data
+RUN mkdir -p /pb_data
 VOLUME /pb_data
 EXPOSE 8090
-USER appuser
 CMD ["/pocketbase", "serve", "--dir", "/pb_data", "--http", "0.0.0.0:8090"]
 
 # ── runner service ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

backend/migrations/20260414000001_initial_schema.go

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ func saveIfAbsent(app core.App, c *core.Collection) error {
 	if _, err := app.FindCollectionByNameOrId(c.Name); err == nil {
 		return nil // already exists — skip
 	}
-	return saveIfAbsent(app, c)
+	return app.Save(c)
 }
 
 // ── Collection creators ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────

docker-bake.hcl

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+# docker-bake.hcl — defines all five production images.
+#
+# Used by CI (docker/bake-action) to build and push all images in one call,
+# with shared BuildKit cache and maximum parallelism:
+#   - backend, runner, pocketbase share the Go builder stage (built once)
+#   - caddy and ui build independently in parallel alongside the Go targets
+#
+# Local build (no push):
+#   docker buildx bake
+#
+# CI sets per-target tags and labels via --set overrides in docker/bake-action.
+
+# ── Variables injected by CI via --set ───────────────────────────────────────
+
+variable "DOCKER_USER" { default = "kalekber" }
+
+variable "VERSION"    { default = "dev" }
+variable "COMMIT"     { default = "unknown" }
+variable "BUILD_TIME" { default = "" }
+
+# ── Shared defaults ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+# All targets inherit these.  CI overrides tags/labels per-target via --set.
+target "_defaults" {
+  pull   = true
+  output = ["type=image,push=false"]
+}
+
+# Registry cache shared across all targets in a run.
+target "_cache" {
+  cache-to = ["type=inline"]
+}
+
+# ── Go targets (share the backend/ build context + builder stage) ─────────────
+
+target "backend" {
+  inherits  = ["_defaults", "_cache"]
+  context   = "backend"
+  target    = "backend"
+  tags      = ["${DOCKER_USER}/libnovel-backend:latest"]
+  cache-from = ["type=registry,ref=${DOCKER_USER}/libnovel-backend:latest"]
+  args = {
+    VERSION = VERSION
+    COMMIT  = COMMIT
+  }
+}
+
+target "runner" {
+  inherits  = ["_defaults", "_cache"]
+  context   = "backend"
+  target    = "runner"
+  tags      = ["${DOCKER_USER}/libnovel-runner:latest"]
+  cache-from = ["type=registry,ref=${DOCKER_USER}/libnovel-runner:latest"]
+  args = {
+    VERSION = VERSION
+    COMMIT  = COMMIT
+  }
+}
+
+target "pocketbase" {
+  inherits  = ["_defaults", "_cache"]
+  context   = "backend"
+  target    = "pocketbase"
+  tags      = ["${DOCKER_USER}/libnovel-pocketbase:latest"]
+  cache-from = ["type=registry,ref=${DOCKER_USER}/libnovel-pocketbase:latest"]
+}
+
+# ── UI (SvelteKit — separate context) ────────────────────────────────────────
+
+target "ui" {
+  inherits  = ["_defaults", "_cache"]
+  context   = "ui"
+  tags      = ["${DOCKER_USER}/libnovel-ui:latest"]
+  cache-from = ["type=registry,ref=${DOCKER_USER}/libnovel-ui:latest"]
+  args = {
+    BUILD_VERSION = VERSION
+    BUILD_COMMIT  = COMMIT
+    BUILD_TIME    = BUILD_TIME
+    PREBUILT      = "1"
+  }
+}
+
+# ── Caddy (custom plugins — separate context) ─────────────────────────────────
+
+target "caddy" {
+  inherits  = ["_defaults", "_cache"]
+  context   = "caddy"
+  tags      = ["${DOCKER_USER}/libnovel-caddy:latest"]
+  cache-from = ["type=registry,ref=${DOCKER_USER}/libnovel-caddy:latest"]
+}
+
+# ── Default group: all five images ────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+group "default" {
+  targets = ["backend", "runner", "pocketbase", "ui", "caddy"]
+}

docker-compose.yml

@@ -91,7 +91,8 @@ services:
       test: ["CMD", "wget", "-qO-", "http://localhost:8090/api/health"]
       interval: 10s
       timeout: 5s
-      retries: 5
+      retries: 10
+      start_period: 30s
 
   # ─── Meilisearch (full-text search) ──────────────────────────────────────────
   meilisearch: